I-plywood yenziwe ngezingqimba ezintathu noma ngaphezulu zokhuni ezincane ezihlanganiswe ne-adhesive.Ingqimba ngayinye yokhuni, noma i-ply, ivame ukuqondiswa ngokusanhlamvu kwayo okugijima ema-engeli angakwesokudla kuya kungqimba oluseduze ukuze kuncishiswe ukushwabana futhi kuthuthukiswe amandla ocezu oluqediwe.Amapulangwe amaningi acindezelwa emashidini amakhulu, ayisicaba asetshenziswa ekwakheni.Ezinye izingcezu ze-plywood zingase zenziwe zibe amajika alula noma ahlanganisiwe ukuze asetshenziswe ifenisha, izikebhe, nezindiza.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezingqimba ezincane zokhuni njengendlela yokwakha kwaqala cishe ku-1500 BC lapho izingcweti zaseGibhithe zibopha izingcezu ezincane zokhuni olumnyama lwe-ebony ngaphandle kwebhokisi lomsedari elitholakala ethuneni leNkosi uTut-Ankh-Amon.Kamuva le nqubo yasetshenziswa amaGreki namaRoma ukuze akhiqize ifenisha enhle nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa.Ngawo-1600, ubuciko bokuhlobisa ifenisha ngezingcezu ezincane zokhuni baziwa ngokuthi i-veneering, futhi izingcezu ngokwazo zaziwa ngokuthi ama-veneers.
Kuze kube sekupheleni kwawo-1700, izingcezu ze-veneer zazisikwa ngokuphelele ngesandla.Ngo-1797, iNgisi uSir Samuel Bentham wafaka isicelo samalungelo obunikazi ahlanganisa imishini eminingana ukuze akhiqize ama-veneers.Ekusebenziseni kwakhe ilungelo lobunikazi, wachaza umqondo wokwendlalela izingqimba ezimbalwa ze-veneer ngeglu ukuze kwakhe ucezu olujiyile—incazelo yokuqala yalokho manje esikubiza ngokuthi i-plywood.
Naphezu kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, kuthathe cishe enye iminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambi kokuba ama-laminated veneers athole noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kokuhweba ngaphandle kwemboni yefenisha.Cishe ngo-1890, izinkuni ezinamalayini zaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha iminyango.Njengoba isidingo sikhula, izinkampani eziningana zaqala ukukhiqiza amashidi ezinkuni ezinamapulangwe amaningi, hhayi nje eminyango, kodwa futhi azosetshenziswa ezimotweni zikaloliwe, amabhasi, nezindiza.Naphezu kwalokhu kusetshenziswa okwandisiwe, umqondo wokusebenzisa "izinkuni ezinamathiselwe," njengoba abanye abadwebi bebabiza ngokubhuqa, ukhiqize isithombe esibi ngomkhiqizo.Ukumelana nalesi sithombe, abakhiqizi bezinkuni ezinamalayini bahlangana futhi ekugcineni bazinza egameni elithi "plywood" ukuchaza into entsha.
Ngo-1928, amashidi eplywood okuqala anosayizi ojwayelekile ongu-4 ft ngo-8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m) wethulwa e-United States ukuze asetshenziswe njengempahla evamile yokwakha.Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, izinto zokunamathisela ezithuthukisiwe nezindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza zavumela i-plywood ukuthi isetshenziselwe izinhlelo eziningi ezihlukahlukene.Namuhla, i-plywood isithathe indawo yezingodo ezisikiwe ngezinjongo eziningi zokwakha, futhi ukwakhiwa kwamapulangwe sekuphenduke imboni yomhlaba wonke ebiza izigidigidi zamadola.
Izingqimba zangaphandle ze-plywood zaziwa ngokulandelanayo njengobuso nangemuva.Ubuso buwubuso okufanele busetshenziswe noma bubonwe, kuyilapho ingemuva lihlala lingasetshenzisiwe noma lifihliwe.Ungqimba olumaphakathi lwaziwa ngokuthi wumongo.Emapulangwe anezimpintshi ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu, izingqimba eziphakathi nendawo zaziwa ngokuthi ama-crossbands.
I-plywood ingenziwa ngamapulangwe aqinile, ama-softwood, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili.Ezinye izinkuni eziqinile ezivamile zihlanganisa umlotha, i-maple, i-mahogany, i-oki, ne-teak.I-softwood evame kakhulu esetshenziselwa ukwenza i-plywood e-United States i-Douglas fir, nakuba izinhlobonhlobo eziningana zephayini, umsedari, i-spruce, ne-redwood nazo zisetshenziswa.
I-plywood eyinhlanganisela inomgogodla owenziwe nge-particleboard noma izingcezu zamapulangwe eziqinile ezihlangene emaphethelweni.Iqediwe ngobuso be-plywood veneer nangemuva.I-plywood eyinhlanganisela isetshenziswa lapho kudingeka khona amashidi aminyene kakhulu.
Uhlobo lokunamathela olusetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izingqimba zokhuni ndawonye luncike ekusetshenzisweni okuqondile kwe-plywood eqediwe.Amashidi e-Softwood plywood aklanyelwe ukufakwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-phenol-formaldehyde resin njengento enamathelayo ngenxa yamandla ayo amangalisayo nokumelana nomswakama.Amashidi e-Softwood plywood adizayinelwe ukufakwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo angase asebenzise iphrotheni yegazi noma ingcina yephrotheni kabhontshisi wesoya, nakuba amashidi amaningi angaphakathi e-softwood manje enziwa nge-phenol-formaldehyde resin efanayo esetshenziselwa amashidi angaphandle.I-Hardwood plywood esetshenziselwa izicelo zangaphakathi futhi ekwakheni ifenisha ngokuvamile yenziwa nge-urea-formaldehyde resin.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zidinga amashidi e-plywood anongqimba oluncane lwepulasitiki, insimbi, noma iphepha elifakwe inhlaka noma indwangu eboshelwe ebusweni noma emuva (noma kokubili) ukunikeza indawo engaphandle ukumelana okwengeziwe kumswakama nokuhuzuka noma ukuthuthukisa upende wayo- ukubamba izakhiwo.I-plywood enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi i-plywood emboziwe futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini zokwakha, ezokuthutha, nezolimo.
Amanye amashidi e-plywood angase ambozwe ngebala eliwuketshezi ukuze anikeze indawo ebukeka kahle, noma aphathwe ngamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nelangabi leplywood noma ukumelana nokubola.
Kunezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi zeplywood, ngalinye linesistimu yalo yokugreda.
Ikilasi elilodwa laziwa ngezokwakha nezimboni.Amapulangwe kuleli klasi asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko amandla awo futhi akalwe amandla awo okuchayeka kanye nebanga le-veneer elisetshenziswa ebusweni nangemuva.Amandla okuveza angase abe ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle, kuye ngohlobo lweglue.Amamaki e-Veneer angase abe ngu-N, A, B, C, noma ibanga le-D. N lineziphambeko ezimbalwa kakhulu, kuyilapho ibanga lika-D lingase libe namafindo nokuhlukana okuningi.Isibonelo, i-plywood esetshenziselwa i-subflooring endlini ilinganiselwe "I-CD yangaphakathi".Lokhu kusho ukuthi inobuso buka-C obuno-D emuva, futhi ingcina ifanele ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezivikelwe.Amapulangwe angaphakathi awo wonke amapulangwe okwakhiwa kanye nezimboni enziwe kusukela ebangeni C noma i-D veneer, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingakanani isilinganiso.
Elinye ikilasi leplywood laziwa ngokuthi ukhuni oluqinile nokuhlobisa.Amapulangwe kuleli klasi asetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukubukeka kwawo futhi ahlelwe ngokwehla oda lokumelana nomswakama njengoTechnical (Ingaphandle), Uhlobo I (Ingaphandle), Uhlobo II (Ingaphakathi), kanye Nohlobo III (Ngaphakathi).Ama-face veneers azo cishe awanawo amaphutha.
Osayizi
Amashidi e-plywood ahluka ngogqinsi ukusuka.06 ku-(1.6 mm) ukuya ku-3.0 ku-(76 mm).Ugqinsi oluvame kakhulu likububanzi obungu-0.25 ku-(6.4 mm) ukuya ku-0.75 ku-(19.0 mm).Nakuba umnyombo, amabhande anqamulayo, kanye nobuso nengemuva leshidi leplywood kungase kwenziwe ngama-veneers ahlukene okujiya, ubukhulu baleyo naleyo kufanele bulingane phakathi nendawo.Isibonelo, ubuso nomhlane kufanele kube ubukhulu obulinganayo.Ngokufanayo amabhande awela phezulu naphansi kufanele alingane.
Usayizi ovame kakhulu wamashidi e-plywood asetshenziswa ekwakheni ama-4 ft (1.2 m) ububanzi ngo-8 ft (2.4 m) ubude.Obunye ububanzi obujwayelekile bungu-3 ft (0.9 m) no-5 ft (1.5 m).Ubude buyahlukahluka kusuka ku-8 ft (2.4 m) kuya ku-12 ft (3.6 m) ngo-1 ft (0.3 m) ngokunyuka.Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile ezifana nokwakhiwa kwesikebhe zingadinga amashidi amakhulu.
Izihlahla ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza i-plywood ngokuvamile zincane ngobubanzi kunalezo ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza izingodo.Ezimweni eziningi, ziye zatshalwa futhi zatshalwa ezindaweni eziphethwe inkampani ye-plywood.Lezi zindawo ziphathwa ngokucophelela ukuze kukhuliswe ukukhula kwesihlahla futhi kuncishiswe umonakalo ovela ezinambuzaneni noma emlilweni.
Nali ukulandelana okujwayelekile kokusebenza kokucubungula izihlahla zibe amashidi e-plywood ajwayelekile angu-4 ft ngo-8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m):
Izingodo ziqale zihoxiswe bese zisikwa zibe ama- peeler block.Ukuze usike amabhlogo abe yimichilo ye-veneer, aqale acwiliswe bese ehlutshiwe abe yimicu.
1 Izihlahla ezikhethiwe endaweni ziphawulwa njengezilungele ukugawulwa, noma ukugawulwa.Ukugawula kungase kwenziwe ngamasaha asebenza ngophethiloli noma ngezikele ezinkulu ezisebenza ngogesi ezifakwe ngaphambili ezimotweni ezinamasondo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama- feller.Izitho zisuswa ezihlahleni eziwile ngamasaha amaketango.
2 Iziqu zezihlahla ezisikiwe, noma izingodo, zihudulelwa endaweni yokulayisha izimoto ezinamasondo ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-skidders.Lezi zingodo zisikwa zibe zinde futhi zilayishwa emalolini ukuze zihambe ziye endaweni yokugaya i-plywood, lapho zipakishwa zibe yizinqwaba ezinde ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-log decks.
3 Njengoba izingodo zidingeka, zithathwa ezinsikeni zezingodo ngabalayishi abakhathele ngenjoloba futhi zibekwe phezu komshini wokuhambisa amaketanga owaziletha emshinini wokubhoboza.Lo mshini ukhipha amagxolo, kungaba ngamasondo okugaya anamazinyo abukhali noma ngamajethi amanzi anomfutho ophezulu, kuyilapho ugodo luzungezwa kancane kancane mayelana ne-eksisi ende.
4 Izingodo ezikhishiwe ziyiswa emshinini wokuhambisa iketango lapho isaha elikhulu eliyindilinga liwasika ezingxenyeni ezingaba ngu-8 ft-4 ku-(2.5 m) kuya ku-8 ft-6 ku-(2.6 m) ubude, alungele ukwenza izinga elingu-8 ft. (2.4 m) amashidi amade.Lezi zingxenye zelogi zaziwa ngokuthi ama-peeler blocks.
5 Ngaphambi kokuba i-veneer isikwe, ama-peller blocks kufanele ashiswe futhi afakwe emanzini ukuze athambise izinkuni.Amabhulokhi angashiswa noma acwiliswe emanzini ashisayo.Le nqubo ithatha amahora angu-12-40 kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwezinkuni, ububanzi be-block, nezinye izici.
6 Amabhulokhi okucwecwa ashisayo abe esethuthelwa ku-lathe e peeler, lapho aqondaniswa khona ngokuzenzakalela futhi afakwe ku-lathe eyodwa ngesikhathi.Njengoba i-lathe izungeza ibhulokhi ngokushesha mayelana ne-eksisi yayo ende, i-blade yommese yobude obugcwele ixebula ishidi eliqhubekayo le-veneer ebusweni bebhulokhi yokuphotha ngenani elingu-300-800 ft/min (90-240 m/min).Uma ububanzi bebhulokhi buncishiswa bube cishe ku-3-4 ku-(230-305 mm), ucezu olusele lokhuni, olwaziwa ngokuthi i- peeler core, luyakhishwa emshinini we-lathe bese ibhulokhi entsha yokuhluza ifakwa endaweni.
7 Ishidi elide le-veneer eliphumayo / i-peller lathe lingase licutshungulwe ngokushesha, noma lingase ligcinwe kumathreyi amade, anamazinga amaningi noma alimele kumaroli.Kunoma ikuphi, inqubo elandelayo ihlanganisa ukusika i-veneer ibe ububanzi obusebenzisekayo, ngokuvamile cishe u-4 ft-6 in (1.4 m), ukwenza amashidi epulangwe ajwayelekile angu-4 ft (1.2 m) ububanzi.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-optical scanners abheka izigaba ezinokukhubazeka okungamukeleki, futhi lezi zisikiwe, zishiya izingcezu ezingaphansi kobubanzi obujwayelekile be-veneer.
Imicu emanzi ye-veneer iphonswa ibe umqulu, kuyilapho isithwebuli samehlo sithola noma yiziphi izici ezingamukeleki okhunini.Uma sesomisiwe i-veneer iyahlelwa futhi ihlanganiswe.Izingxenye ezikhethiwe ze-veneer zihlanganiswe ndawonye.Umshini wokunyathelisa oshisayo usetshenziselwa ukuvala i-veneer ocezwini olulodwa oluqinile lweplywood, oluzosikwa futhi lufakwe isihlabathi ngaphambi kokuba lugxivizwe ngebanga elifanele.
8 Izingxenye zeveneer zibe sezihlungwa futhi zipakishwe ngokwezinga.Lokhu kungenziwa mathupha, noma kungenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa izikena zokubona.
9 Izingxenye ezihlungiwe zifakwa endaweni yokomisa ukuze kuncishiswe umswakama wazo futhi uzivumele ukuba zishwabane ngaphambi kokuba zihlanganiswe ndawonye.Izigayo eziningi ze-plywood zisebenzisa umshini wokomisa lapho izingcezu zihamba ngokuqhubekayo ekamelweni elishisayo.Kwamanye ama-dryer, amajethi anesivinini esikhulu, umoya oshisayo uvunguza ebusweni bezingcezu ukuze kusheshiswe inqubo yokomisa.
10 Njengoba izingxenye ze-veneer ziphuma endaweni yokomisa, zipakishwa ngokwezinga.Izingxenye ezingaphansi kobubanzi zine-veneer eyengeziwe ehlanganiswe nge-tape noma i-glue ukwenza izingcezu ezifanele ukusetshenziswa ezingqimbeni zangaphakathi lapho ukubukeka namandla kungabalulekile kangako.
11 Lezo zingxenye zeveneer ezizofakwa eziphambanweni—umongo emashidini anamapulangwe amathathu, noma amabhande awela emaphepheni ayizinhlayiyana ezinhlanu—zisikwa zibe ubude obungaba ngu-4 ft-3 in (1.3 m).
12 Lapho izingxenye ezifanele ze-veneer zihlanganiswa ukuze kusetshenziswe i-plywood ethile, inqubo yokubeka nokuhlanganisa izingcezu ndawonye iqala.Lokhu kungenziwa ngesandla noma ngokuzenzakalelayo ngemishini.Esimweni esilula kakhulu samashidi amathathu-ply, i-back veneer ibekwe phansi futhi iqhutshwa nge-glue spreader, efaka ungqimba lweglue endaweni engaphezulu.Izingxenye ezimfushane ze-core veneer zibe sezibekwa izindlela eziphambanayo phezu komhlane onamathiselwe, futhi lonke ishidi liqhutshwa okwesibili ku-glue spreader.Ekugcineni, i-face veneer ibekwa phezu komgogodla onamathiselwe, futhi ishidi lihlanganiswe namanye amashidi alindele ukungena emshinini wokunyathelisa.
13 Amashidi anamathelisiwe alayishwa emshinini wokunyathelisa oshisayo ovula izikhathi eziningi.omshini wokunyathelisa ungaphatha amashidi angu-20-40 ngesikhathi, ishidi ngalinye lilayishwe endaweni ehlukile.Lapho wonke amashidi elayishiwe, umshini wokunyathelisa uwacindezela ndawonye ngaphansi kwengcindezi engaba ngu-110-200 psi (7.6-13.8 bar), kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo uwashisa ekushiseni okungaba ngu-230-315 ° F (109.9-157.2 °) C).Ukucindezela kuqinisekisa ukuthintana okuhle phakathi kwezingqimba ze-veneer, futhi ukushisa kubangela ukuthi ingcina yelaphe kahle ukuze uthole amandla aphezulu.Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-2-7, umshini wokunyathelisa uyavulwa futhi amashidi ayathululwa.
14 La mashidi abe esedlulela esethi yamasaha, awaphungule abe ububanzi nobude bawo bokugcina.Amashidi ebanga eliphezulu adlula kusethi yamabhande amabhande angama-4 ft (1.2 m) ububanzi, afaka isihlabathi ebusweni nangemuva.Amashidi ebanga eliphakathi agaywa ngesandla ukuze ahlanze izindawo ezimbi.Amanye amashidi ahanjiswa ngesethi yamasaha ayindilinga, asika imisele engashoni ebusweni ukuze enze i-plywood ibukeke ngendlela yokwenza.Ngemva kokuhlolwa kokugcina, noma yiziphi iziphambeko ezisele ziyalungiswa.
15 Amashidi aqediwe agxivizwa ngophawu lwebanga olunikeza umthengi ulwazi mayelana nesilinganiso sokuchayeka, ibanga, inombolo yokugaya, nezinye izici.Amashidi ophawu lokuthengisa lwebanga elifanayo aboshwa ndawonye ezitaki futhi ayiswa endaweni yokugcina izimpahla ukuze alindele ukuthunyelwa.
Njengoba nje ngamapulangwe, ayikho into efana ne-plywood ephelele.Zonke izingcezu zeplywood zinenani elithile lamaphutha.Inombolo nendawo yalezi ziphambeko inquma ibanga le-plywood.Amazinga okwakhiwa kanye namapulangwe ezimboni achazwa yi-Product Standard PS1 elungiswe yiNational Bureau of Standards kanye ne-American Plywood Association.Amazinga okhuni oluqinile namapulangwe okuhlobisa achazwa yi-ANSIIHPMA HP elungiselelwe i-American National Standards Institute kanye ne-Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers' Association.Lawa mazinga awagcini nje ngokusungula amasistimu wokugreda weplywood, kodwa futhi acacise ukwakhiwa, ukusebenza, kanye nemibandela yokufaka isicelo.
Ngisho noma i-plywood isebenzisa izihlahla ngendlela efanele—empeleni iyazihlukanisa futhi iphinde ihlanganiswe ngendlela enamandla, ukucushwa okusebenziseka kalula—kusenodoti omkhulu otholakala ohlelweni lokukhiqiza.Ezimweni eziningi, kuphela i-50-75% yevolumu yokhuni esetshenziswayo esihlahleni iguqulwa ibe i-plywood.Ukuthuthukisa lesi sibalo, imikhiqizo eminingana emisha isathuthukiswa.
Umkhiqizo omusha owodwa ubizwa ngokuthi i-oriented strand board, eyenziwa ngokuhlephula lonke ugodo lube imicu, kunokuxebula i-veneer kulogi bese ulahla umongo.Izintambo zixubene ne-adhesive futhi zicindezelwe zibe izingqimba ngokusanhlamvu okugijima ohlangothini olulodwa.Lezi zendlalelo ezicindezelwe zibe seziqondiswa kuma-engeli angakwesokudla komunye nomunye, njenge-plywood, futhi zihlanganiswe ndawonye.Ibhodi le-oriented strand board liqine njengeplywood futhi libiza kancane.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-10-2021